History: Modernism Vs Contemporary (Part 4) - Essay and Feedback
(Published 6/3/22, Updated 6/7/22)
Feedback
'Your essay is based on a thorough research and the comparative analysis of both buildings is consistent and engaging. It would be helpful to explain more about the relationship between modern movement architecture and contemporary architecture as a broader context for comparison.
Your referencing is correct and relevant.
You need to edit your text before submission as there are some grammar, spell checks and punctuation errors, which can be easily removed.
A stronger visual layout of the essay will raise the overall visual quality of your work.'
My Thoughts
I talked to my tutor and looked at the feedback sheet. The presentation seems to be the main area for improvement. She couldn't remember having an issue with my essay's spelling or grammar, So I believe that my poster was the issue. I think I could have started with a paragraph on the relationship between modern and contemporary buildings to push my grade up. I'm not sure what I could have put, but I guess that's what I need to learn.
Spell Checked Poster
I updated my poster by checking the spelling.
The essay had to be based on a collection of academically sourced images. Visually organised, along with ruff notes. InDesign and typography studies, influenced my layout choices.
The Essay
Healthcare Centres Modern and Contemporary
The Finsbury healthcare Centre, a modernist building and the Pictou Landing healthcare centre, a contemporary building, were built to benefit the local community.
How do the different styles of design solutions approach serving the community with regards to health and wellbeing?
Finsbury healthcare centre was part of Alderman H Riley and Dr C Katials's post-World War One plan to improve the area. Riley and Katial aimed to clear local slums, create a new housing programme and design new healthcare facilities.
At the time, London saw 40,000 deaths per year from tuberculosis(Allan, 2018). A bacterial infection which mainly targets the lungs, but can target other parts of the body as well. Spread through water droplets (NHS, 2019b). 2,000 deaths from whooping cough year (Allan, 2018). Another bacterial infection that attacks the lungs. It is highly contagious and spreads through water droplets (NHS inform, 2021). 3,000 cases a year of diphtheria ending in death (Allan, 2018). Also, a bacterial infection, this time affecting the lining of the nose, throat and sometimes the skin. It is transferred through water droplets (NHS Choices, 2019a). Looking at this data, it is understandable that ventilation was such a critical health care issue of the time.
Finsbury itself is a borough in the North East of London. Post-world war one, the death rate was 18% higher than Hampstead. The average male life expectancy was 59. It was not uncommon for a family of 12 to share a 2 room dwelling due to poverty. It was politically left-leaning, making it a good site for innovation. (Lubetkin & Tecton, 1938b)
Berthold Romanovich Lubetkin was Tecton's star architect. Being described as the leader among equals, Lubetkin was the lead voice on this project. Lubetkin was born in Georgia in 1901. A small country that at times became part of Russia. Lubetkin travelled extensively during his education. He kept in contact with Russia as he always believed he would return home. His time in education was highly successful, and he made many international contacts. In 1931 he came to England and started Tecton, a design firm. (Allan, 2018) In 1935 he was commissioned to design Finsbury. Lubetkin had strong civic morals declaring, "Nothing, is too good for ordinary people."(Williams, 2010). It is believed that the Finsbury design is inspired by the constructivist El Lizzitky's 'beat the whites with the red wedges'(1919) due to the centre's wedge-formed lecture hall and geometric nature. There are also elements of the Ecole des Beaux-arts school (Paris) which he attended. (Allan, 2018)
Like Finsbury borough, the Mi'kmaq coastal fishing community had suffered from poor health compared to other nearby communities due to poverty, pollution and a lack of health care facilities.
A paper mill had bought rights under false pretences to use part of the reserve. They led the Mi’kmaq's to believe that the water would return to the lake clean once it was used. This was not the case. Lots of wildlife died, which harmed the community who relied on hunting, foraging and fishing to support their family (CBC News, 2020).
The Mi'i^maq community and design team wanted a health care building that brought health and cultural renewal together, as the community felt that these issues were directly related (Robin Guenther & Gail Vittori, 2013, pp. 358–387). The Mi'kmaq have lost a lot of their culture due to pressure to become westernised after colonisation. The community approached the government for funding an immersive school (CBC News, 2018) and created a festival to teach and practice their culture. (OpenLearn from The Open University, 2013 a,b,c) The healthcare centre was part of that plan.
The centre won the Piskwepaq Design Inc., the International Architecture Award for 2010. The design was exhibited in Europe. "I think it's wonderful that this building in a small Mi'kmaq community that's had a lot of struggles gets this kind of international recognition," says Prof. Kroeker. "The awards are significant in that they affect how people think about design."(Smulders, 2010).
Richard Kroeker moved to Canada and became a professor getting involved with the local community through his teaching projects. His interest in local traditional technology led him to create contemporary buildings that celebrated Mi'i^maq culture. (Macy, 1998)
Kroeker and 2 other architects designed the Health centre. Peter Henry is a Halifax (Canada) architect who designs theatres, houses and cycling-themed structures. Who takes pride in his environmental work. (Henry, n.d.) Brian Lilley, along with the other architects on this project, teaches at Dalhousie University. (Dalhousie University, n.d.)
The need for sun and ventilation highly influenced the Finsbury health care centres form, which is unsurprising as the two critical issues in pre-World War One London were smog and respiratory infections. However, Britain has a temperate and, at times, dull environment. So good ventilation and natural light opportunities are essential to a good design solution.
In Lubetkin & Tectons exhibition display panels explaining features of the design of Finsbury Health Centre(Lubetkin & Tecton, 1938b), you can see how the angling of the building wings exposes the ribbons of windows or glass bricks to day-long sun.
Ribbon windows were "made possible by new construction techniques in the 20th century such as the use of large steel beams that were able to support heavy loads without intermediate vertical supports" (Carol Davidson Cragoe, 2018). They lacked the ornamentation of traditional windows. It focuses on the function of the window, which is to bring in light and ventilation. This is most apparent in the pivot hinged windows, which were easy to clean and allowed for extra ventilation. (Allan, 2018)
The transfer of light would reverse at night, and Finsbury would light up like an industrial, science fiction complex. A black-and-white photo by Dell and Wainwright (Dell & Wainwright, n.d.) shows a brightly lit medical machine. Making it Easy to find. It told passers-by that the building was modern and intelligent and therefore safe.
Like Finsbury, the Pictou landing health centre has an open form. Its Windows are also indicative of the modernist style. In photos of the building, long functional voids are placed at each end(Kroeker, n.d.-a). A ribbon of windows on the facade can be detected within the sectional drawing of the building (Kroeker & Institut fuer Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, 2013). The local climate is similar to Britain with regards to temperature. However, it is more prone to snow. (Moody, 2019) The urban area is not as dense as the UK, especially London, so the area will be less sheltered from the wind. However, The form will provide shelter from the wind depending on its direction.
Photos (Kroeker, n.d.-a) of the health centre in the dark also glow similarly to Finsbury. However, the tone of the glow is warmer, beckoning people towards the building.
When Finsbury was built, the materials were selected to be clean, bright and minimalist. It was meant to juxtapose the old dark, dingy medical buildings. As illustrated in Lubetkin & Tectons exhibition display panels(Lubetkin & Tecton, 1938a). Giving the local population escapism and confidence. Unfortunately, the once-pristine white building is stained and dirty. Its clean white surfaces are no match for the pollution generated in its location (London). Photos show dark grout lines and grey concrete(Borland, 2009a&b).
John Allen (Avanti Architects), Lubetkin's official autobiographer, was part of the team that renovated the building, just after its 50th anniversary(1993-94). Due to the complex nature of the NHS, the renovators did not receive adequate funds to renovate the whole building. So they concentrated on targeting key areas and repairing them to an excellent standard. (Allan, 2018)
The roof was repaired. The original covering of rock asphalt, a natural material that is no longer available, was replaced with a polymer-modified asphalt and lined with cork insulation. The new asphalt has the benefit of better performance at high temperatures. Parts of the old asphalt which did not need replacing were covered with UV protective paint. (Allan, 1997)
Asbestos, a fireproof substance used in many old buildings, which is now understood to damage lungs, was removed.
The reinforced concrete was re-Alkalined. This renovation process was chosen as it was cost-effective and allowed clinics to continue. Lubetkin's approach to using concrete as a structural element saw a change during this design. Previous designs like the Penguin pool (1934) had a structural envelope of concrete. However, Finsbury central block was created with the column and slab system, while the wings had an external load-bearing wall beam and million. The openings within the concrete were then filled with glass bricks or a curtain wall system. (Allan, 1997)
The curtain walls were initially damaged during the Second World War, which started a year after the health centre was built. Sandbags were used to protect the building from bombing; however, they were too heavy. The curtain wall was the biggest in Britain at that time, and people were unaware of the technologies weaknesses. (Allan, 2018)
The curtain walls were repaired and refitted with the original panel material Thermolux. A German invention with a beautifully patterned finish. It is made of two sheets of clear glass with a coloured spun glass-silk interlayer. Its original teak frame was restored, and most of the windows were replaced with double glazing. (Allan, 1997)
In certain areas, the ceramic tiles were also replaced. The original tiles were created with a dust pressed process. This process gives the tiles greater dimensional accuracy, a higher quality appearance, but no frost resistance. There was also no provision of movement joints, which protect the tiles from breaking due to strains like expansion and contraction due to heat, as well as other natural movements within the building. (Allan, 1997)
The building is long-wearing; however, the materials used to create this building come from heavy industrial processing. This was not recognised or considered during the building's creation. However, in recent years, industrial building practices have come under fire for their harm to the environment and humanity. Though studies like 'Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Construction within the Industrialized Building Process: A Monetisation and Building Information Modelling Approach' have found that 66.13% of environmental damage from the construction industry happens during the assembly of the building and recommends further research into the longevity of structures (Yao et al., 2020). Research in 2019 found that 8% of all global emissions come from cement, a key ingredient in concrete. Leading carbon emissions expert and adviser to the RIBA Stirling Prize jury, Simon Sturgis to call on architects and engineers to develop a 'much better understanding of the materials they specify'. In the hope that understanding materials will lead to more environmentally sound design solutions. (Williams, 2019)
Pictolanding Healthcare Centre was finished in 2008. The environment was becoming an important issue and has since gained traction as more people began to understand the state of the climate. With this traction, an interest in natural building materials and traditional building methods (Macy, 1998), as they are linked with a clean environment. The pleasant ageing aesthetic is linked with a cleaner look.
The centre has embraced both, due to local influence and inspiration. Mi'i^maq community are the original inhabitance of the land. The architects and community wanted the centre to reflect the Mi’i^maq's building traditions. This was at odds with the Canadian government's policies. However, their persistence paid off. Both the form and function support the local community by honouring their traditions. This included being heat efficient and using local materials to reduce strain on natural resources (Kroeker, 2013). Nova Scotia is also very remote, and at the time, industrial building materials were not produced in the area. So they are costly (Macy, 1998).
The centre was built into a hill to utilise the earths thermal mass, mimicking the traditional use of thermal mass heating. (Robin Guenther & Gail Vittori, 2013, pp. 358–387) Young spruce trees were bent while green by community members to create the primary structure, a frame. The frame was then partially clad with local wood. (Smulders, 2010)
Both designs use materials to benefit the local community in different ways. The Pictou Landing healthcare centre drew on local themes. Whereas Finsbury healthcare centre use materiality to take local residents to someone more desirable.
However, Finsbury uses heavily industrialised materials which have a large carbon footprint. Especially when compared with Pictou Landing. The upside to Lubetkin's use of materials is that it has stood the test of time even when it has not been maintained properly. This is also an issue for the organisations which surround the healthcare centres. The NHS is a complex organisation and it is solely in charge of Finsbury. In contrast, Pictou landing healthcare centre is a community-led project which is more likely to maintain the building.
Photos of Finsbury's (Dell & Wainwright, 1938a,b,c,e) rooms show that they were created to fit a specific purpose. The furniture is fitted to the room, reducing the amount of negative space. The theatre room is arched for acoustics. A decorative style of light, clean colours are used in every room. Large windows are embedded into the walls of each room. This includes the offices, which are made to the same standards as rooms for the patients. Showing care and respect for the staff.
Though the rooms look permanent, the interior walls are not load-bearing. Allowing the interior to be flexible to the centre's needs. (Allan, 2018) The corridor (von Sternberg, 2002a) is typical of hospitals today. Light and minimalist. It might be functional, but the decorative style is now seen as cold and unnerving.
The entrance room (von Sternberg, 2002b) was initially designed to be casual and luxurious. Lubetkin wanted to design a sense of escapism for patients, putting them at ease while they wait. The hospital altered the original seating plan to be more in keeping with their needs. (John Allan: Lubetkin and Me, 2018)
Photos (Kroeker, n.d.-a&c) of the Pictou Landing healthcare centre interior shows a curved area that naturally leads people to face each other, creating a warm community environment.
The healthcare centre also serves as a community centre. Facilitating classes and other community activities. The space is visually connected, continuing the communal theme. (Robin Guenther & Gail Vittori, 2013, pp. 358–387)
The reception is simple and functional. The many different material tones give it character. Shiny surfaces have been used on the floor and the interior wall. They will be easy to clean, but they have a slight aesthetic tackiness to them. The wooden bench is placed against a more rustic interior wall. To an onlooker, it might look like concrete. However, on further reading, it is actually plaster and earth, which has natural thermal properties. (Kroeker, 2013)
Displays are evenly distributed at a range of heights. So that all community members waiting in the centre have the opportunity to learn more about the traditions of the native people.
The buildings medicine wheel and herb garden(Robin Guenther & Gail Vittori, 2013, pp. 358–387) allow current and traditional medication to meet each other.
Both interiors have a communal intention. However, Finsbury focuses on the physical aspect of health. In comparison, the Pictou Landing centre aims to balance the tangible and intangible. This is most obvious in the teaching facilities. Finsbury has a Lecture hall for healthcare professionals, and Pictou Landing provides learning space for a range of people.
Both interiors aim to provide serenity from different angles. Both approaches are highly dependent on their zeitgeist and genius loci. During the rise of UK modernism, minimalist luxury meant an escape from cramped, polluted conditions. In contrast, the current Mi'i^maq community equates traditional buildings and living values with less pollution.
Finsbury's form is informed by the organisation of space, as shown In Lubetkin & Tectons
exhibition, display panels explaining features of the design of Finsbury Health Centre (Lubetkin & Tecton, 1938). Clinics are on the ground floor for ease of accessibility. Services are at the back to prevent cross-contamination and create a more pleasant atmosphere for service users. Photographs show that the stairwells are light, industrial and geometric. Creating an interesting journey between each level.
Picto Landings healthcare centre sits cleverly within the typography, making both floors at ground level. It has a car park at both entrances so the visitors can get to each level comfortably. (Google, 2014)
Circulation within both buildings is hard to compare due to the vast difference in size and technology available at the time of construction. Both buildings aim to make access circulation as convenient and straightforward as possible.
Pictou landings façade is relatively unassuming. However, it stands out in its local neighbourhood of vastly spread out wooden houses. (Google, 2014)
Finsbury's façade, on the other hand, is full of drama. This is where Lubetkin used all the best materials. Once, the service user had crossed the moat-like bridge. They entered through brass doors that sits in framed forms. Under a municipal crest whose motto translates to, we are on your side. (Allan, 2018) The beautifully constructed sign displaying the centre's name was really not needed.
Both buildings were built in reaction to their local communities poverty, exposure to pollution and lack of healthcare facilities. What separates them is a difference in material availability, technical knowledge at the time of construction and cultural healthcare values. Both buildings are successful community healthcare facilities in their own rights, providing vital care to their end-users. The future of the buildings will significantly depend on who takes ownership of them. Building maintenance is key to its physical longevity. Good management of activities within the building is essential to its function as a healthcare facility.
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